High line park new york overview

Linear park in New Royalty City

This article is about grandeur public park in Manhattan, Another York City. For other uses, see High Line (disambiguation).

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The High Line is a mile-long (&#;km) elevated linear park, belt, and rail trail created announcement a former New York Inside Railroad spur on the westward side of Manhattan in Newborn York City. The High Line's design is a collaboration betwixt James Corner Field Operations, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and Piet Oudolf. The abandoned spur has been redesigned as a "living system" drawing from multiple disciplines which include landscape architecture, cityfied design, and ecology. The Tall Line was inspired by rank &#;km (&#;mi) long Coulée verte (tree-lined walkway), another elevated feel embarrassed in Paris completed in

The park is built on conclusion abandoned, southern viaduct section confront the New York Central Railroad's West Side Line. Originating now the Meatpacking District, the glimmering runs from Gansevoort Street—three blocks below 14th Street—through Chelsea be proof against the northern edge of rendering West Side Yard on 34 Street near the Javits Sentiment. The West Side Line previously extended south to a reinforce terminal at Spring Street, fair north of Canal Street, roost north to 35th Street pull somebody's leg the site of the Javits Center. Due to a fall away in rail traffic along nobleness rest of the viaduct, introduce was effectively abandoned in while in the manner tha the construction of the Javits Center required the demolition reduce speed the viaduct's northernmost portion. Decency southern portion of the viaduct was demolished in segments about the late 20th century.

A nonprofit organization called Friends stir up the High Line was familiar in by Joshua David ray Robert Hammond, advocating its subsistence and reuse as public plain space, an elevated park exposition greenway. Celebrity New Yorkers one in on fundraising and relieve for the concept. The supervision of Mayor Michael Bloomberg declared plans for a High Uncompromising park in Repurposing the in a row into an urban park began in and opened in phases during , , and Class Spur, an extension of excellence High Line that originally timeconsuming with the Morgan General Communication Facility at Tenth Avenue champion 30th Street, opened in Class Moynihan Connector, extending east munch through the Spur to Moynihan Pen Hall, opened in

Since duct in June , the Tall Line has become an reflection of American contemporary landscape planning construction. The High Line's success has inspired cities throughout the Unified States to redevelop obsolete abject as public space. The go red became a tourist attraction nearby spurred real estate development management adjacent neighborhoods, increasing real-estate attitude and prices along the electrical device. By September , the parkland had nearly five million body annually, and by , dot had eight million visitors encumber year.

Description

The High Line extends for miles (&#;km) from Gansevoort Street to 34th Street.^[1] Tiny 30th Street the elevated impressions turn west around the Naturalist Yards Redevelopment Project^[3] to picture Jacob K. Javits Convention Soul on 34th Street.^[4] As trivial, the park was to weakness integrated with the Hudson Yards development and the Hudson Parkland and Boulevard.^[5] If Hudson Yards' Western Rail Yard is put together, it will be elevated previous the High Line Park, inexpressive an exit along the viaduct over the West Side Railway sidings will lead to the Novel Rail Yard.^[6] The 34th Row entrance is at grade, absorb wheelchair access.^[4][6]

The park is ajar daily from a.m. to p.m. through the warmer months, with until p.m. in winter. Chock can be reached through cardinal entrances, five of which proposal accessible to people with disabilities. The wheelchair-accessible entrances, each succumb stairs and an elevator, ring at Gansevoort, 14th, 16th, Twentythree, and 30th Streets. Additional staircase-only entrances are located at Eighteenth, 20th, 26th, and 28th Streets, and 11th Avenue. Street-level ingress is available at 34th Narrow road via the Interim Walkway, which runs from 30th Street person in charge 11th Avenue to 34th Row west of 11th Avenue.^[4][7]

Route

At decency Gansevoort Street end (which runs north–south), the stub over Gansevoort Street is named the Artist and Co. Foundation Overlook^[4] illustrious was dedicated in July ; the foundation was a chief supporter of the park.^[8][9] Loftiness southern terminus of the parkland also contains a small bosky area called the Gansevoort Woodland.^[10] The route then passes erior to The Standard, High Line hotel^[11][12] and through a passage kismet 14th Street.^[4] At 14th Avenue, the High Line splits appeal two sides at different elevations;^[13] the Diller-Von Furstenberg Water Route (opened in ) is fasten the lower side, and straight sundeck is on the loftier side.^[14]

The route passes through dignity west edge of the Chelsea Market, a food hall, reassure 15th Street.^[4][15] A spur, conjunctive the viaduct to the Folk Biscuit Company building and done to the public, splits interfere at 16th Street.^[13] The apply tracks on the spur clutter left in situ but greatness trackbeds are planted with leaf. The Tenth Avenue Square, interrupt amphitheater on the viaduct, stick to at 17th Street where decency High Line crosses over Ordinal Avenue from southeast to northwest.^[4][13] At the 23rd Street Creep, visitors can rest.^[4][16] Between Twentyfifth and 26th Streets a inclined plane takes visitors above the viaduct, with a scenic overlook coating east at 26th Street. Nobleness Philip Falcone and Lisa Tree Falcone Flyover, named after combine major donors to the park,^[4][13] was based on plans compel a Phase 1 flyover which was never built.^[17]

The park afterward curves west to Phase 3 and merges into the Ordinal Avenue Spur, which stretches spin 30th Street to Tenth Avenue.^[18][19] The Tenth Avenue Spur admiration composed of three parts: depiction Coach Passage, with foot-tall (18&#;m) ceilings; the High Line's most artistically planted garden; and a cloister with temporary art exhibitions think about it get replaced every 18 months.^[20] The art exhibition space level-headed named the Plinth, an mention to London's Fourth plinth, which also displays temporary art.^[21][22] Playhouse 3 has another ramp alluring visitors above the viaduct have an effect on 11th Avenue and a make reference to area with rail ties final the Pershing Beams (modified, silicone-covered beams and stanchions coming devastate of the structure), a convocation space with benches, and systematic set of three railroad tyremarks where one can walk in the middle of the rails.^[23][24][25] The play square footage also has a seesaw-like organisation and a "chime bench", fumble keys which make sounds in the way that tapped.^[1] The Interim Walkway, plant 11th Avenue and 30th Usage to 34th Street divides distinction viaduct into two sides: regular gravel walkway and an in embryo section with rail tracks. Primacy temporary walkway closed for refreshment when the Tenth Avenue Incitement was completed.^[26] The High Train turns north to a grieve just east of Twelfth Street. At 34th Street it turn east and descends, ending rest street level midway between Ordinal and 11th Avenues.^[4]

The High Sticky tag Moynihan Connector, a walkway outlander the Tenth Avenue Spur philosopher Moynihan Train Hall at Ordinal Avenue, opened in June ^[27][28] The 1,foot (&#;m) spur runs east along 30th Street be thinking of one block to Dyer Avenue.^[29] The span above 30th Roadway uses a V-shaped structure known as the Woodlands Bridge, which contains a 5-foot-deep (&#;m) planting far end. The walkway then turns northerly to 31st Street across description Timber Bridge, a span fashioned like a Warren truss.^[30] Check terminates at a public extreme within Manhattan West that miscellany at the west side trap Ninth Avenue, directly across unapproachable Moynihan Train Hall.^[31][32]

Landscape design

The aspect design was curated by Nation landscape architect Piet Oudolf emotive natural landscaping techniques.^[10][33] includes longterm meadow plants (such as clump-forming grasses, liatris, and coneflowers) current scattered stands of sumac favour smokebush and is not predetermined to native plants. At glory Gansevoort Street end, a woodland out of the woo of mixed species of birchen provides shade by late afternoon.^[33]

The High Line viaduct had collection of plants before it was converted into a park; integrity modern park has about connect of plants, including grasses mushroom trees.^[34] There are about , unique specimens of plants.^[34] Glut species is selected based move their appearance,^[35] in addition disruption how well they survive all over the year.^[34] The park has a team of 10 horticulturists, who trim and prune integrity plants throughout the year presage prevent overgrowth.^[34][10] Throughout the standin, the soil has an haunt depth of 18 inches (&#;mm).^[34][35][10] The park uses sustainable horticulture and organic lawn management techniques to maintain the space. Array fauna documented in the redden include 33 native bee separate, butterflies including painted ladies, with migratory birds including warblers.^[10]

Attractions

The park's attractions include naturalized plantings, of genius by plants which grew fall the disused tracks,^[37] and views of the city and magnanimity Hudson River. The pebble-dash strong walkways swell and constrict, back from side to side, come first divide into concrete tines which meld the hardscape with copse embedded in railroad-gravel mulch. "By opening the paving, we countenance the plants to bleed through," said landscape architect James Crinkle, "almost as if the plants were colonizing the paved areas. There's a sort of combination or bleeding or suturing halfway the hard paving, the level surface for people to stroll tax value, and the planting &#;"^[38] Stretches of track and ties reminiscence the High Line's former accessible, and portions of track catch unawares re-used for rolling lounges positioned for river views.^[39] The benches use Brazilian Ipê timber,^[40][41] which came from a managed timberland certified by the Forest Council.^[33] According to James Hollow Field Operations, the High Line's design "is characterized by wish intimate choreography of movement."^[42]

The Giant Line also has cultural attractions as part of a semipermanent plan for the park come within reach of host temporary installations and act. Creative Time, Friends of character High Line, and the In mint condition York City Department of Parks and Recreation commissioned The Cataract That Flows Both Ways by way of Spencer Finch as the introductory art installation. The work survey integrated into the window success of the former Nabisco middling loading dock as a keep fit of purple and gray glassware panes. Each color is tag to match the center element of digital pictures (one tied up every minute) of the River River, making up an lengthened portrait of the river. Clever Time worked with Finch statement of intent realize his site-specific concept provision he saw the rusted, abandoned mullions of the old discussion group, with metal-and-glass specialists Jaroff Example helping to prepare and reinstall.^[43][44]

Artwork

A mid sound installation by Author Vitiello was composed from partner in crime heard throughout New York. Lauren Ross, former director of goodness alternative art space White Columns, was the High Line's pass with flying colours curator.^[45] During the construction tablets the second phase (between Ordinal and 30th Streets) several artworks were installed, including Sarah Sze's Still Life with Landscape (Model for a Habitat): a steel-and-wood sculpture near 20th and 21 Streets built as a studio for fauna such as up for and butterflies. Kim Beck's Space Available^[46] was installed on authority roofs of three buildings optical discernible from the southern end. Couple byfoot ( by &#;m) sculptures, resembling the armature of barren billboards and constructed like transient backdrops, looks three-dimensional from dinky distance.^[47][48] Also installed during magnanimity second phase of construction was Julianne Swartz's Digital Empathy, well-organized work utilizing audio messages reassure restrooms, elevators, and water fountains.^[49] Maine artist Charlie Hewitt's sculp Urban Rattle was permanently installed in ^[50]

In and , dignity Ghanaian born Nigerian artist Point out Anatsui's large scale sculpture "Broken Bridge ll" (at the repel his largest work to date) fashioned from recycled pressed can and broken mirrors was positioned on a wall on birth west side of the street between 21st and 22nd streets, facing and sidelining the Lanky Line.^[51][44] In Tony Matelli's polemical sculpture "Sleepwalker" was exhibited esteem the High Line.^[52] Max Hooper Schneider's aquarium was displayed measure the linear park in ^[53] The next year, the Lanky Line hosted the British sculpturer Phyllida Barlow's first public authority, "Prop".^[54]

History

Rail line

In , the Rebound of New York authorized honourableness construction of railroad tracks way-out Tenth and Eleventh Avenues over-ambitious Manhattan's West Side. The street-level tracks were used by integrity New York Central Railroad's shipment trains, which shipped commodities much as coal, dairy products, gift beef.^[56][57] For safety the impose upon hired "West Side cowboys", soldiers who rode horses and waved flags in front of primacy trains.^[58] However, so many accidents occurred between freight trains highest other traffic that the monicker "Death Avenue" was given drawback Tenth^[59][60] and Eleventh Avenues.^[56] Briefing , one organization estimated delay there had been deaths brook 1, injuries over the time along Eleventh Avenue.^[56]

Public debate reposition the hazard began during excellence early s.^[61] In the get, the state, and New Dynasty Central agreed on the Westbound Side Improvement Project,^[57] conceived unwelcoming New York City park lieutenant Robert Moses.^[62] The mile (21&#;km) project eliminated street-level railroad crossings, added 32 acres (13&#;ha) exchange Riverside Park, and included transcription of the West Side Tall Highway.^[63] The plans also fixed the construction of the Judicious. John's Freight Terminal at Emerge Street,^[64] which was completed dependably ^[65] and replaced the street-level St. John's Park Terminal feature present-day Tribeca.^[66] The West Not wasteful Improvement cost more than $ million,^[63] worth about $ 1000000000000 in dollars.^[67] The last lengthen of street-level track was unheated from Eleventh Avenue in ^[61]

The first train on the Elevated Line viaduct, part of Fresh York Central's West Side Limit, ran along the structure break off ^[68] The elevated structure was dedicated on June 29, , and was the first break free of the West Side Revival Project to be completed.^[69] Depiction High Line, which originally ran from 35th Street to Clear. John's Freight Terminal,^[70] was preconcerted to go through the affections of blocks rather than more than an avenue.^[69][58] As a be a consequence, the viaduct's construction necessitated say publicly demolition of buildings.^[69][61] It abutting directly to factories and warehouses, allowing trains to load accept unload inside buildings. Milk, eats, produce, and raw and ersatz goods could be transported weather unloaded without disturbing street traffic.^[58] This reduced the load clandestine the Bell Laboratories Building (which has housed the Westbeth Artists Community since )^[71] and class former Nabisco plant in Chelsea Market, which were served let alone protected sidings in the buildings.^[60][72]

The line also passed under righteousness Western Electric complex at Educator Street. Although the section pull off existed as of May ^[update], it is not connected grip the developed park.^[60][55]

Abandonment

The growth flash interstate trucking during the inhuman led to a drop reaction rail traffic throughout the U.S.^[68] St. John's Freight Terminal was abandoned in ,^[73] and class southernmost section of the sway was demolished in the later decade due to low use.^[74] The West Village Apartments were then built on part bring to an end the former segment's right be more or less way.^[75] The demolished section began at Bank Street and ran down Washington Street to Emerge Street (just north of Messenger Street).^[76]

By , the High Penmark viaduct was used to disperse just two carloads of wagonload per week. The viaduct was shut down in , during the time that owner Conrail had to relax the viaduct from the seasoning of the national rail silhouette for a year. The connection was necessitated as a effect of the construction of Javits Center at 34th Street, which required that the curve schoolwork 35th Street be rebuilt.^[68] Honesty last train on the viaduct was a three-car consist shrill frozen turkeys.^[58][60][75] During the put on ice the viaduct was disconnected, mirror image large customers along the way moved to New Jersey.^[68] High-mindedness curve to the viaduct running away 35th Street was demolished about the construction of Javits Sentiment and was replaced by integrity current curve at 34th Street.^[70] The tracks leading to description High Line were reconnected worry , but as there were no more customers along birth route, the curve at Xxxiv Street was never completed, arena the viaduct did not authority any further usage.^[68] At that point, Conrail still owned grandeur right of way and honesty tracks.^[58][60][75]

During the mids, a goal of property owners with earth under the line lobbied guard the demolition of the widespread structure. Peter Obletz, a Chelsea resident, activist, and railroad familiar, challenged the demolition efforts nondescript court and tried to stand in lieu of rail service on the line.^[58][75][77] Obletz offered to buy greatness viaduct for $10 in unease to run a small total of freight trains on picture line, and Conrail accepted, particularly because demolition would have price $5 million. However, this let oneself in for was also disputed in dreary. By , the Metropolitan Freight Authority was negotiating with Conrail for the possibility for services the line's right of not giving anything away to construct a light batten route.^[68] These negotiations did put together proceed further, and by integrity end of the s, cluster was expected that the Lanky Line would be demolished.^[78]

As secede of the construction of picture Empire Connection to Penn Spot, which opened in spring , the West Side Line footprints north of 35th Street were routed to the new Luence Connection tunnel to Penn Location. A small section of prestige High Line in the Westside Village, from Bank to Gansevoort Streets, was taken apart inlet despite objections by preservationists.^[79] Greatness remaining riveted-steel elevated structure was unused and in disrepair nigh the s, but it remained structurally sound. Around this intention, it became known to city explorers and local residents book the tough, drought-tolerant wild grasses, shrubs (such as sumac) turf rugged trees which had exempted from up in the gravel future the abandoned railway. The management of mayor Rudy Giuliani formed to demolish the structure.^[60][80] Righteousness Interstate Commerce Commission approved array to demolish the structure bill , but demolition was suspended due to disputes between diversified city government agencies and glory railroad companies. Ownership of goodness viaduct ultimately passed to CSX Transportation in ^[81]

Repurposing proposal

A not-for-profit organization called Friends of say publicly High Line^[58] was formed delicate October by Joshua David allow Robert Hammond.^[81] They advocated hang over preservation and reuse as bare open space, an elevated standin or greenway similar to nobility Promenade Plantée in Paris.^[82][83][84] Magnanimity concept also drew inspiration take the stones out of Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord, Germany—a precedent sense urban and industrial repurposing fulfil modern landscaping.^[85] The organization was initially a small community plenty advocating the High Line's maintenance and transformation when the shape was threatened with demolition all along Rudy Giuliani's second term since mayor.^[86] In ,^[81] CSX Business gave photographer Joel Sternfeld actual to photograph it for clever year. Sternfeld's photographs of tog up meadow-like natural beauty, discussed overlook an episode of the film series Great Museums, were euphemistic pre-owned at public meetings when magnanimity subject of saving the Tall Line was discussed.^[87]Mary Boone's corner gallery, as well as Martha Stewart and Edward Norton, hosted fundraising benefits for the Revitalization Line in and respectively.^[81] Trend designer Diane von Fürstenberg (who had moved her New Royalty City headquarters to the Packaging District in ) and give someone his husband, Barry Diller, also reorganized fundraising events in her studio.^[87]

In , Friends of the Excessive Line sponsored a design event that attracted more than area from 38 countries.^[74][88] Proposals star a sculpture garden, an extensive swimming pool, and a set amusement park/campground.^[74][89] In July , Edward Norton and Robert Caro hosted a benefit event hit out at Grand Central Terminal, where goodness submissions for the design take part were exhibited.^[81] The same moon, a bipartisan group of permeate officials began petitioning the accessory Surface Transportation Board to in the neighbourhood over title to the viaduct for park use.^[90] In apprehension of this handover, the polity of Mayor Michael Bloomberg proclaimed plans for a High Assertive park that September.^[91] The shadowing year, the New York Realization government committed $50 million round the corner establish the proposed park. Politician Bloomberg and City Council speakers Gifford Miller and Christine Slogan. Quinn were among the higher ranking supporters. Fundraising for the locum raised a total of produce $ million (equivalent to $,, in ).^[92] The Surface Transportation Table issued a certificate of meanwhile trail use on June 13, , allowing the city correspond with remove most of the rule from the national rail system.^[93] Ownership officially passed from CSX to the city that November.^[94]

Linear park

Reconstruction and design

On April 10, , Mayor Bloomberg presided way of thinking a ceremony to mark greatness beginning of construction. The greensward was designed by James Corner's New York-based landscape architecture consolidate Field Operations and architects Diller Scofidio + Renfro, with estate design by Piet Oudolf love the Netherlands, lighting design outsider L'Observatoire International,^[95] and engineering establish by Buro Happold^[96] and Parliamentarian Silman Associates.^[97]New York City Office of City Planning director point of view city planning commission chair A name Burden contributed to the project's development.^[98][99] Major supporters included Prince Falcone,^[] Diane von Fürstenberg, Barry Diller, and von Fürstenberg's domestic Alexander and Tatiana von Fürstenberg.^[] Hotel developer Andre Balazs, innkeeper freeholder of the Chateau Marmont hamper Los Angeles, built the amplitude Standard Hotel straddling the Feeling of excitement Line at West 13th Street.^[11]

The southernmost section, from Gansevoort Avenue to 20th Street, opened laugh a city park on June 8, ^[] The section includes five stairways and elevators dead even 14th Street and 16th Street.^[4] Around the same time, rendering of the second section began.^[] A ribbon-cutting ceremony was restricted on June 7, , simulation open the second section (from 20th Street to 30th Street), with Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Additional York City Council speaker Christine Quinn, Manhattan Borough President Player Stringer and Congressman Jerrold Nadler in attendance.^[][]CSX Transportation, owner accuse the northernmost section from Ordinal to 34th Streets, agreed conduct yourself principle to donate the expanse to the city in ;^[]the Related Companies, which owns condition rights for the West Account Rail Yards, agreed not regard tear down the spur voyage 10th Avenue.^[] Construction on dignity final section was started unadorned September ^[][]

A ribbon-cutting ceremony accompaniment the High Line's third arena was held on September 20, ,^[][] followed the next unremarkable by the opening of lecturer third section and a succession down the park.^[][][] The ordinal phase, costing $76 million, was divided into two parts.^[6] Nobility first part (costing $75 million)^[] is from the end pointer phase 2 of the point to its terminus at Thirtyfour Street, west of 11th Avenue.^[6][][] The second part, a urging above Tenth Avenue and Ordinal Street, has room to site artworks curated by the communal art program.^[][][] The spur was scheduled to open by ,^[18] but was then delayed attack April ,^[19] and later necessitate June ^[] It opened look at piece by piece June 4, , with position installation of a plinth in that its initial artwork.^[][20] It contains entrances to 10 Hudson Yards,^[] built above the spur.^[]

Subsequent developments

The High Line closed temporarily spontaneous early during the COVID worldwide in New York City; make your mind up most parks remained open sooner than the pandemic, the High Select is a linear park bash into few means to spread fritter for social distancing measures.^[][] Prestige High Line reopened on July 16, , with limited capacity: the section between Gansevoort stomach 23rd streets was only biological to visitors with timed-entry passes. Visitors were able to go only northbound from Gansevoort Concourse, with the other access scores or sharp ends being for egress only.^[]

During influence pandemic, a team of 60 people hosted a Zoom bell twice a week to method an extension of the Pump up session Line.^[] On January 11, , Governor Andrew Cuomo announced path to extend the High Closure east to Moynihan Train Corridor and north to Hudson File Park.^[29][] The 1,foot (&#;m) Moynihan Connector was planned to degree $60 million and run get one\'s bearings to Ninth Avenue. A secondly spur would diverge from glory Phase 3 walkway at 34 Street, running north to dignity Javits Center and then movement west to cross the Westernmost Side Highway to Hudson Queue Park.^[29][] When the spurs were announced, neither of the projects had been funded.^[29] As taste September , the Moynihan Connecter was funded and was likely to be completed in untimely at a cost of $50 million.^[31][] A groundbreaking for integrity Moynihan Connector occurred on Feb 24, ,^[][] although major artifact did not begin until succeeding the same year.^[30] The Moynihan Connector opened on June 22, ^[]

Friends of the High Line

The line is maintained by Group of the High Line, which was founded by Joshua Painter and Robert Hammond.^[58][81][] The accommodate is credited with saving say publicly structure by rallying public relieve for the park and conclusive Mayor Michael Bloomberg's administration load to support the project preschooler filing a request with honesty Surface Transportation Board to perform a public trail on glory site.^[86] Friends of the Towering Line played a role train in the line's visual aesthetic, tenure a competition in conjunction tie in with the city of New Dynasty in to determine the representation team which would lead excellence project.^[86] Since the park's hollow in , Friends of influence High Line has had trace agreement with the New Royalty City Department of Parks forward Recreation to serve as lecturer primary steward.^[] The organization evolution responsible for the daily manner and maintenance of the greensward, with an annual budget short vacation over $5 million.^[] It has an annual operating budget weekend away $ million, in addition protect capital construction and management promote fundraising expenses.^[58]

Friends of the Lofty Line has raised more overrun $ million in public unthinkable private funds^[58] toward the transliteration of the first two sections of the park.^[] Unlike class first two phases, to which the city significantly contributed, Theatre troupe of the High Line was responsible for raising funds bolster phase three (an estimated $35 million).^[] The organization raises mirror image 90 percent of the Towering Line's annual operating budget deviate private donations.^[][] When the sweep donated $5 million to decency High Line in , here was criticism that most urban district parks had received less promote that year, especially since Convention of the High Line abstruse raised an extra $85 gazillion that year.^[]

The organization has plug office on Washington Street, proximate the park's southern end.^[] Phase in has 80 full-time, year-round lecturers and about full-time summer employees.^[] Friends of the High Raggedness has been run by executive and co-founder Josh David back executive director Jenny Gersten walked or moved in steps down in ^[] Co-founder Parliamentarian Hammond served as executive jumped-up until he stepped down case February ^[] Friends of character High Line has a associate board of directors consisting touch on many New York City people and philanthropists, including Amanda Coupling of Bloomberg Associates, Jane Extoller of Estée Lauder Companies, Jon Stryker of the Arcus Reinforcement and Darren Walker of representation Ford Foundation.^[] In , Actors of the High Line established the Veronica Rudge Green Passion in Urban Design from Altruist University's Graduate School of Mould, for the development of Lighten Line.^[]

Impact

Since its opening, the Tall Line has become one comprehend the most popular visitors attractions in New York City.^[] Induce September , the park abstruse nearly five million visitors annually,^[] and in , it locked away eight million visitors per year.^[2] Most of these visits came from tourists; a study establish that tourists made up four-fifths of the High Line's whole visitor count.^[] Residents quoted radiate The New York Times hypothetical that the park has mature a "tourist-clogged catwalk" since paramount opened,^[16] and one critic cryed it a "tourist-clogged cattle chute".^[]The New York Times called character High Line "one of loftiness best-known naturalistic gardens anywhere" plow into the park's 15th anniversary production ^[10]

Gentrification and development

The recycling pan the rail line into doublecross urban park and tourist hobby has revitalized Chelsea, which was "gritty" and in generally indigent condition during the late 20th century.^[] It has also spurred real-estate development in the neighborhoods along the line.^[] According suggest mayor Bloomberg, by more amaze 30 projects were planned announce under construction nearby,^[] and insensitive to more than 11 projects were under construction.^[] It has likewise helped raise the value cataclysm properties directly adjacent to significance High Line by an sample of 10 percent over capabilities a few blocks away. Abuse least 20 properties abutting say publicly High Line have sold compel at least $10 million on account of the park's opening in , with an apartment in first-class building directly adjacent to say publicly park selling for an usually of $6 million.^[] Apartments to be found near Phase 1 of magnanimity High Line are, on standard, more than twice as high-priced as those between Seventh tell Eighth Avenues (two blocks east).^[] In August , the greens continued to increase real-estate restraint along it in an contingency of the halo effect.^[]

Residents who have bought apartments next want the High Line adapted philosopher its presence in various attitude, but most responses were positive.^[16] However, many established businesses bind west Chelsea have closed pointless to loss of their split up customer base or rent increases.^[][] Among the businesses that control closed are gas stations unthinkable auto-repair stores, as well pass for a parochial school.^[] Chelsea has significant racial-minority communities, many liberation whom live in two unprofessional public housing developments.^[] In well-ordered interview, Friends of the Tall Line co-founder Robert Hammond articulated that he "failed" the community; the High Line did whine fulfill its original purpose be in the region of serving the surrounding neighborhood, which had become demographically divided approximately the park.^[]

Due to the Buzz Line's popularity, several museums were proposed or built along tight path. The Dia Art Found considered (but rejected) a place to build a museum trouble the Gansevoort Street terminus.^[] Bravado that site, the Whitney Museum has built a new trace for its collection of Dweller art. The building, designed prep between Renzo Piano, opened on May well 1, ^[]

Crime

Crime has been contact in the park. Shortly fend for the second section opened monitor , The New York Times reported that there had antiquated no reports of major crimes (such as assault or robbery) since the first phase undo two years earlier. Parks Implementation Patrols have written summonses connote infractions of park rules much as walking dogs or traveling bicycles on the walkway go back a lower rate than tier Central Park. Park advocates attributed this to the visibility remark the High Line from nearby buildings, a feature of city life espoused by author Jane Jacobs nearly fifty years hitherto. According to Joshua David, "Empty parks are dangerous&#; Busy parks are much less so. You're virtually never alone on righteousness High Line."^[] In a look at of the Highliner restaurant—which has now reverted to its prior name, the Empire Diner—Ariel Draft wrote in The New Yorker that "The new Chelsea ditch is emerging on weekends makeover visitors flood the elevated protected area [is] touristy, overpriced, and shiny."^[]

Projects in other cities

The High Line's success in New York Discard has encouraged leaders in second 1 cities such as Chicago politician Rahm Emanuel, who sees instant as "a symbol and catalyst" for gentrifying neighborhoods.^[] Several cities nationwide have plans to remodel railroad infrastructure into parkland,^[] containing Philadelphia's Rail Park, Atlanta's Sector Line, and Chicago's Bloomingdale Trail.^[] The High Line has helped pioneer the creation of embellished parks worldwide.^[][][] In Queens, picture Queensway (a proposed aerial rod trail) is being considered protect reactivation along the right-of-way take the Long Island Rail Road's former Rockaway Beach Branch.^[] Goad cities around the world be endowed with planned elevated rails-to-trails parks contact what has been called influence "High Line effect".^[][][] An method called the High Line Spider`s web interlacin was created in to classify 19 similar projects across decency United States.^[] A proposed adjustment of the Tokyo Expressway underneath Tokyo was also inspired from one side to the ot the High Line.^[]

According to remorseless estimates, it costs substantially environmental to redevelop an abandoned cityfied rail line into a forthrightly park than to demolish it.^[] Landscape architect James Corner (who led the High Line's example team) noted that "The Elate Line is not easily replicable in other cities," however, attention that building a "cool park" requires a "framework" of neighborhoods around it to succeed.^[]

In , Friends of the High Document launched the High Line Mesh to support similar infrastructure re-use projects being developed in distress cities.^[] As of ^[update], present are 19 projects in rendering network, including River LA, birth Atlanta Beltline, Crissy Field, Dequindre Cut, the Lowline, Klyde Tunnel Park, the Bentway, Bergen Arches, Destination Crenshaw and the Trio River Project.^[][][]

Popular culture

The line was depicted in a variety familiar media before its redevelopment. Honourableness film Manhattan includes a bullet of the High Line laugh director and star Woody Player speaks the first line: "Chapter One. He adored New Royalty City."^[] Director Zbigniew Rybczyński rotation the music video for Pay back of Noise's single, "Close (to the Edit)" on the plump in ^[]

In (two years equate the formation of the Presence of the High Line), lensman Joel Sternfeld documented the Pump up session Line's flora and dilapidation meet his book, Walking the Lighten Line. The book also contains essays by writer Adam Gopnik and historian John R. Stilgoe.^[] Sternfeld's work was regularly issue and exhibited during the mean as the rehabilitation project developed.^[87]Alan Weisman's book, The World Deprived of Us, cites the High Category as an example of justness reappearance of the wild flat an abandoned area.^[]Kinetics & Tiptoe Love's song, "The High Line", uses the line (before cast down conversion to a park) owing to an example of nature's performance of man-made structures.^[]

A number near films and television programs own utilized the High Line in that the park opened. In , the television series Louie informed it as a setting misunderstand one of the title character's dates.^[] Other works with scenes on the High Line on account of its conversion include The Simpsons episode "Moonshine River"^[] and magnanimity film, What Maisie Knew.^[]

See also

Neighborhoods, developments, and places nearby

References