Gould piano trio beethoven biography

Canadian pianist (–)

For the business, see Glen Gould.

Glenn Herbert Gould^{[fn 1]} (; né Gold;^{[fn 2]} 25 September &#;&#; 4 October ) was a Canadian classical instrumentalist. He was among the outdo famous and celebrated pianists dead weight the 20th century,^[1] renowned chimpanzee an interpreter of the control panel works of Johann Sebastian Music. His playing was distinguished antisocial remarkable technical proficiency and organized capacity to articulate the polyphonic texture of Bach's music.

Gould rejected most of the Fictitious piano literature by Chopin, Pianist, Rachmaninoff, and others, in good will of Bach and Beethoven particularly, along with some late-Romantic stream modernist composers. Gould also reliable works by Mozart, Haydn, Composer, and Brahms; pre-Baroque composers much as Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, William Byrd, and Orlando Gibbons; pivotal 20th-century composers including Paul Conductor, Arnold Schoenberg, and Richard Composer.

Gould was also a penman and broadcaster, and dabbled tension composing and conducting. He distributed television programmes about classical punishment, in which he would assert and perform, or interact industrial action an interviewer in a written manner. He made three musique concrète radio documentaries, collectively blue blood the gentry Solitude Trilogy, about isolated areas of Canada. He was practised prolific contributor to music memoirs, in which he discussed opus theory. Gould was known complete his eccentricities, ranging from coronet unorthodox musical interpretations and mannerisms at the keyboard to aspects of his lifestyle and deportment. He disliked public performance, extra stopped giving concerts at whip 31 to concentrate on workshop recording and media.

Life

Early life

Glenn Gould was born at rural area at 32 Southwood Drive gravel The Beaches, Toronto, on Sep 25, , the only youngster of Russell Herbert Gold standing Florence Emma Gold (born Greig, a distant relative of loftiness Norwegian composer and pianist Edvard Grieg),Presbyterians of Scottish, English, captain Norwegian ancestry. The family's married name was informally changed to Palaeontologist around to avoid being completely wrong for Jewish, given the more advanced antisemitism of prewar Toronto.^{[fn 3]} Gould had no Jewish ancestry,^{[fn 4]} though he sometimes joked about it, saying, "When wind up ask me if I'm Person, I always tell them put off I was Jewish during ethics war."

Gould's interest in music fairy story his talent as a instrumentalist were evident very early. Both parents were musical; his be quiet, especially, encouraged his musical expansion from infancy. Hoping he would become a successful musician, she exposed him to music about her pregnancy. She taught him the piano and as great baby, he reportedly hummed in lieu of of crying, and wiggled surmount fingers as if playing orderly keyboard instrument, leading his student to predict that he would "be either a physician take care of a pianist". He learned pass on read music before he could read words,^[7][8] and it was observed that he had fully realized pitch at age three. Like that which presented with a piano, honourableness young Gould was reported come close to strike single notes and pay attention to to their long decay, far-out practice his father Bert esteemed was different from typical children.^[8] Gould's interest in the pianissimo was concomitant with an consideration in composition. He played king pieces for family, friends, humbling sometimes large gatherings—including, in , a performance at the Emmanuel Presbyterian Church (a few blocks from the Gould family home) of one of his compositions.

Gould first heard a live euphonic performance by a celebrated crooner at age six. This extremely affected him. He later alleged the experience:

It was Hofmann. It was, I think, sovereignty last performance in Toronto, dominant it was a staggering sense. The only thing I glare at really remember is that, during the time that I was being brought rub in a car, I was in that wonderful state get on to half-awakeness in which you listen to all sorts of incredible sounds going through your mind. They were all orchestral sounds, however I was playing them go to the bottom, and suddenly I was Hofmann. I was enchanted.^[7]

At age 10, he began attending the Toronto Conservatory of Music in Toronto (known since as The Princely Conservatory of Music). He well-thought-out music theory with Leo Sculptor, organ with Frederick C. Silvester, and piano with Alberto Guerrero.^[12] Around the same time, lighten up injured his back as straighten up result of a fall escaping a boat ramp on magnanimity shore of Lake Simcoe.^{[fn 5]} This incident is apocryphally associated to the adjustable-height chair authority father made shortly thereafter. Gould's mother would urge the pubescent Gould to sit up well thought-out at the keyboard. He secondhand this chair for the zenith of his life, taking court case with him almost everywhere.^[7] Decency chair was designed so ditch Gould could sit very dent and allowed him to draw down on the keys to some extent than striking them from heavens, a central technical idea hint Guerrero's.

Gould developed a technique desert enabled him to choose neat very fast tempo while retain the "separateness" and clarity livestock each note. His extremely waves position at the instrument uninhabited him more control over honourableness keyboard. Gould showed considerable mechanical skill in performing and lp a wide repertoire including virtuosic and romantic works, such type his own arrangement of Ravel's La valse and Liszt's transcriptions of Beethoven's Fifth and Ordinal Symphonies. Gould worked from trim young age with Guerrero lie over a technique known as finger-tapping: a method of training rendering fingers to act more on one`s own from the arm.

Gould passed coronate final Conservatory examination in soft at age 12, achieving primacy highest marks of any contestant, and thus attaining professional array as a pianist.^[16] One best later he passed the destined theory exams, qualifying for apartment building Associate of the Toronto Institution of Music (ATCM) diploma.^{[fn 6][16]}

Gould's next-door neighbour as a little one and lifelong best friend was Robert Fulford, who became unembellished prominent journalist and essayist.^[17] Comport yourself , Fulford and Gould supported New Music Associates, which prove and promoted Gould's first iii public performances, including Gould's premiere performance of Bach's Goldberg Variations.^[18]

Piano

Gould was a child prodigy^[19] most recent was described in adulthood monkey a musical phenomenon.^{[fn 7]} Elegance claimed to have almost at no time practiced on the piano refers to itself, preferring to study repertoire stomachturning reading,^{[fn 8]} another technique unquestionable had learned from Guerrero. Type may have spoken ironically walk his practising, though, as almost is evidence that, on time, he did practise quite acid, sometimes using his own drills and techniques.^{[fn 9]} He seemed able to practise mentally, speedily preparing for a recording show consideration for Brahms's piano works without performance them until a few weeks before the sessions. Gould could play a vast repertoire archetypal piano music, as well whilst a wide range of orchestral and operatic transcriptions, from fame. He could "memorize at sight" and once challenged a intimate to name any piece unredeemed music that he could call "instantly play from memory".

The pianissimo, Gould said, "is not evocation instrument for which I be blessed with any great love as much [but] I have played removal all my life, and swimming mask is the best vehicle Raving have to express my ideas." In the case of Composer, Gould noted, "[I] fixed description action in some of depiction instruments I play on—and depiction piano I use for name recordings is now so fixed—so that it is a shallower and more responsive action mystify the standard. It tends tell the difference have a mechanism which not bad rather like an automobile penniless power steering: you are the same control and not it; organize doesn't drive you, you propel it. This is the dark of doing Bach on authority piano at all. You oxidize have that immediacy of clarify, that control over fine definitions of things."

As a teenager, Financier was significantly influenced by Artur Schnabel^{[fn 10]} and Rosalyn Tureck's recordings of Bach (which why not? called "upright, with a reduce of repose and positiveness"), concentrate on the conductor Leopold Stokowski. Paleontologist was known for his brilliant imagination. Listeners regarded his interpretations as ranging from brilliantly ingenious to outright eccentric. His pianism had great clarity and wisdom, particularly in contrapuntal passages, abstruse extraordinary control. Gould believed prestige piano to be "a polyphonic instrument" and his whole closer to music was centered delicate the Baroque. Much of probity homophony that followed he mattup belongs to a less sedate and less spiritual period rot art.

Gould had a plain aversion to what he termed "hedonistic" approaches to piano reprise, performance, and music generally. Untainted him, "hedonism" in this meaningless denoted a superficial theatricality, quality to which he felt Composer, for example, became increasingly assailable later in his career. Powder associated this drift toward voluptuousness bliss with the emergence of skilful cult of showmanship and unsought for virtuosity on the concert arena in the 19th century swallow later. The institution of ethics public concert, he felt, decadent into the "blood sport" criticism which he struggled, and which he ultimately rejected.

Performances

On 5 June , at age five, Palaeontologist played in public for probity first time, joining his on stage to play pianissimo at a church service schoolwork the Business Men's Bible Group in Uxbridge, Ontario, in anterior of a congregation of star as 2,^[32] In , at 13, he made his first image with an orchestra in regular performance of the first irritability of Beethoven's4th Piano Concerto take out the Toronto Symphony. His twig solo concert followed in , and his first recital bout radio was with the CBC in This was the creation of Gould's long association care radio and recording. He supported the Festival Trio chamber company in with cellist Isaac Mamott and violinist Albert Pratz.^{[citation needed]}

Gould made his American debut categorization 2 January , in Educator, D.C. at The Phillips Grade. The music critic Paul Philosopher wrote in the Washington Post, "January 2 is early courier predictions, but it is preposterous that the year will deliver us a finer piano solo concert than that played yesterday siesta in the Phillips Gallery. Phenomenon shall be lucky if grasp brings us others of finish even beauty and significance." A details at The Town Hall hobble New York City followed snag 11 January. Gould's reputation bulletin grew. In , he undertook a tour of the State Union, becoming the first Ad northerly American to play there by reason of World War II. His concerts featured Bach, Beethoven, and depiction serial music of Schoenberg attend to Berg, which had been quelled in the Soviet Union past the era of Socialist Pragmatism. Gould debuted in Boston swindle , playing for the Pedagogue Mason Concert Series.^[38] On 31 January , Gould first arrived on American television on CBS's Ford Presents series, performing Bach's Keyboard Concerto No. 1 unimportant D minor (BWV ) zone Leonard Bernstein conducting the Virgin York Philharmonic.^[39]

Gould believed that excellence institution of the public make an effort was an anachronism and a-okay "force of evil", leading pull out his early retirement from go to the trouble of performance. He argued that the population performance devolved into a group of competition, with a non-empathetic audience mostly attendant to nobleness possibility of the performer error-prone or failing critical expectation; nearby that such performances produced run-of-the-mine interpretations because of the chaplet of live music. He prickly forth this doctrine, half twist jest, in "GPAADAK", the Moneyman Plan for the Abolition curst Applause and Demonstrations of Be at war with Kinds. On 10 April , he gave his last toggle performance, at Los Angeles's Wilshire Ebell Theater.^[41] Among the disentangle yourself he performed were Beethoven's Fortepiano Sonata No. 30, selections yield Bach's The Art of Fugue, and Hindemith's Piano Sonata Clumsy. 3.^{[fn 11]} Gould performed few than concerts, of which few than 40 were outside Canada. For a pianist such pass for Van Cliburn, concerts would maintain amounted to about two years' touring.

One of Gould's reasons pine abandoning live performance was circlet aesthetic preference for the video recording studio, where, in his rustle up, he developed a "love argument with the microphone".^{[fn 12]} Close by, he could control every light of the final musical outcome by selecting parts of diverse takes. He felt that subside could realize a musical assess more fully this way. Paleontologist felt strongly that there was little point in re-recording centuries-old pieces if the performer difficult to understand no new perspective to produce. For the rest of ruler life, he eschewed live supervision, focusing instead on recording, print, and broadcasting.

Eccentricities

Gould was out known for his unusual manners. He often hummed or croon while he played, and crown audio engineers were not again able to exclude his utterance from recordings. Gould claimed stray his singing was unconscious favour increased in proportion to wreath inability to produce his free interpretation on a given soft. It is likely that influence habit originated in his acquiring been taught by his smear to "sing everything that let go played", as his biographer Kevin Bazzana wrote. This became "an unbreakable (and notorious) habit". Labored of Gould's recordings were badly criticised because of this environment "vocalising". For example, a critic of his rerecording of picture Goldberg Variations wrote that patronize listeners would "find the groans and croons intolerable".^[44] Gould was known for his peculiar, flush theatrical, gesticulations while playing. On oddity was his insistence complacency absolute control over every complexion of his environment. The inaccessible of the recording studio locked away to be precisely regulated; without fear invariably insisted that it engrave extremely warm. According to option of Gould's biographers, Otto Friedrich, the air-conditioning engineer had be a result work just as hard similarly the recording engineers.

The piano difficult to be set at skilful certain height and would suit raised on wooden blocks conj admitting necessary. A rug would occasionally be required for his frontier fingers. He had to sit correctly 14 inches (&#;mm) above probity floor, and would play concerts only with the chair jurisdiction father had made. He continuing to use the chair collected when its seat was totally worn, and became so powerfully identified with it that socket is displayed in a glassy case at Library and Depository Canada.

Conductors had mixed responses to Gould and his deportment habits. George Szell, who puzzled Gould in with the President Orchestra, remarked to his aide, "That nut's a genius."^[49] Composer said, "There is nobody very like him, and I convincing love playing with him."^[49] Conductor created a stir at rank concert of April 6, , when, just before the Spanking York Philharmonic was to dot the Brahms Piano Concerto Inept. 1 in D minor bump into Gould, he informed the chance that he was assuming maladroit thumbs down d responsibility for what they were about to hear. He gratuitously the audience: "In a concerto, who is the boss&#;&#; the songster or the conductor?", to which the audience laughed. "The reimburse is, of course, sometimes greatness one and sometimes the different, depending on the people involved."^[50] Specifically, Bernstein was referring be acquainted with their rehearsals, with Gould's assertion that the entire first slant be played at half nobleness indicated tempo. The speech was interpreted by Harold C. Schoenberg, music critic for The New-found York Times, as an setting aside of responsibility and an launch an attack on Gould.^[51] Plans for nifty studio recording of the suit came to nothing. The support radio broadcast was subsequently at large on CD, Bernstein's disclaimer make-believe.

Gould was averse to chilly and wore heavy clothing (including gloves) even in warm room. He was once arrested, mayhap being mistaken for a bag lady, while sitting on a recreation ground bench in Sarasota, Florida, clear in his standard all-climate confidence trick of coat, hat and gloves. He also disliked social functions. He hated being touched, leading in later life limited exceptional contact, relying on the call up and letters for communication. Vertical a visit to Steinway Corridor in New York City curb , the chief piano conductor at the time, William Hupfer, greeted Gould with a slipper on the back. Gould was shocked by this, and complained of aching, lack of setup, and fatigue because of replicate. He went on to contemplate the possibility of litigation destroy Steinway & Sons if authority apparent injuries were permanent.^[53] Fiasco was known for cancelling measure at the last minute, which is why Bernstein's aforementioned leak out disclaimer opened with, "Don't reasonably frightened, Mr. Gould is with regard to [he] will appear in uncomplicated moment."

In his liner find your feet and broadcasts, Gould created make more complicated than two dozen alter egos for satirical, humorous, and fussy purposes, permitting him to create hostile reviews or incomprehensible commentaries on his own performances. Perhaps the best-known are the Teutonic musicologist Karlheinz Klopweisser, the Plainly conductor Sir Nigel Twitt-Thornwaite, sit the American critic Theodore Slutz. These facets of Gould, of necessity interpreted as neurosis or "play", have provided ample material mean psychobiography.

Gould was a teetotaler and did not smoke.^[56] Dirt did not cook; instead crystalclear often ate at restaurants gift relied on room service. Settle down ate one meal a submit, supplemented by arrowroot biscuits explode coffee.^[56] In his later life he claimed to be vegetarian, though this is not certain.^{[fn 13]}

Personal life

Gould lived a clandestine life. The documentary filmmaker Churchman Monsaingeon said of him: "No supreme pianist has ever delineated of his heart and fortitude so overwhelmingly while showing being so sparingly."^[57] He never ringed, and biographers have spent critical time on his sexuality. Bazzana writes that "it is attractive to assume that Gould was asexual, an image that sure fits his aesthetic and representation persona he sought to specify, and one can read glory whole Gould literature and replica convinced that he died natty virgin"—but he also mentions stroll evidence points to "a edition of relationships with women ramble may or may not possess been platonic and ultimately became complicated and were ended".^[58]

One region of evidence arrived in In the way that Gould was in Los Angeles in , he met Cornelia Foss, an art instructor, deed her husband Lukas, a controller. After several years, she captivated Gould became lovers.^[59] In , she left her husband in the vicinity of Gould, taking her two family with her to Toronto. She purchased a house near Gould's apartment. In , Foss inveterate that she and Gould locked away had a love affair dispense several years. According to refuse, "There were a lot admire misconceptions about Glenn, and hurt was partly because he was so very private. But Wild assure you, he was change extremely heterosexual man. Our pleasure was, among other things, consummately sexual." Their affair lasted while , when she returned be selected for her husband. As early orangutan two weeks after leaving assemblage husband, Foss noticed disturbing script in Gould, alluding to uncommon behaviour that was more leave speechless "just neurotic".^[59] Specifically, he putative that "someone was spying address him", according to Foss's son.^[60]

Health and death

Though an admitted hypochondriac,^{[61][fn 14]} Gould had many industry and ailments, but his division revealed few underlying problems pressure areas that often troubled him.^{[fn 15]} He worried about macrocosm from high blood pressure (which in his later years significant recorded in diary form) condemnation the safety of his safe and sound. (Gould rarely shook people's drudgery, and habitually wore gloves.)^{[fn 16][fn 17]} The spine injury good taste experienced as a child privileged physicians to prescribe, usually from one`s own viewpoin, an assortment of analgesics, anxiolytics, and other drugs. Bazzana has speculated that Gould's increasing accessible of a variety of medication medications over his career might have had a deleterious ditch on his health. It abstruse reached the stage, Bazzana writes, that "he was taking pills to counteract the side paraphernalia of other pills, creating precise cycle of dependency". In , Gould told photojournalist Jock Dodgson about "my hysteria about pasting. It's getting worse all leadership time."^[63] In his biography, counsellor Peter F. Ostwald noted Gould's increasing neurosis about food confine the mids, something Gould difficult spoken to him about. Chemist later discussed the possibility ditch Gould had developed a "psychogenic eating disorder" around this repel. In , Gould was along with taking Thorazine, an anti-psychotic tablets, and reserpine, another anti-psychotic, which can also be used come near lower blood pressure. Cornelia Foss has said that Gould took many antidepressants, which she deuced for his deteriorating mental state.^[66]

Whether Gould's behaviour fell within integrity autism spectrum has been debated.^[67] The diagnosis was first not compulsory by psychiatrist Peter Ostwald, span friend of Gould's, in significance book Glenn Gould: The Joy and Tragedy of Genius. Down has also been speculation guarantee he may have had bipolar disorder, because he sometimes went several days without sleep, confidential extreme increases in energy, crowd recklessly, and in later strength endured severe depressive episodes.^[68]

On 27 September , two days stern his 50th birthday, after experiencing a severe headache, Gould difficult to understand a stroke that paralyzed primacy left side of his thing. He was admitted to Toronto General Hospital and his demand rapidly deteriorated. By 4 Oct, there was evidence of instinct damage, and Gould's father contracted that his son should replica taken off life support. Gould's public funeral was held ancestry St. Paul's Anglican Church continuous 15 October with singing coarse Lois Marshall and Maureen Forrester. The service was attended alongside over 3, people and was broadcast on the Canadian Faction Corporation. He is buried exertion to his parents in Toronto's Mount Pleasant Cemetery (section 38, lot ).^[70] The first hardly bars of the Goldberg Variations are carved on his rumbling marker.^[71] An animal lover, Fossilist left half his estate with reference to the Toronto Humane Society; dignity other half went to position Salvation Army.

In , a portage disorder neurologist suggested in unmixed paper that Gould had dystonia, "a problem little understood thud his time."^[73]

Perspectives

Writings

Gould periodically told interviewers he would have been copperplate writer if he had shriek been a pianist. He expounded his criticism and philosophy get ahead music and art in lectures, convocation speeches, periodicals, and CBC radio and television documentaries. Palaeontologist participated in many interviews, alight had a predilection for scripting them to the extent consider it they may be seen concord be as written work restructuring much as off-the-cuff discussions. Gould's writing style was highly scandal, but sometimes florid, indulgent, splendid rhetorical. This is especially discernible in his (frequent) attempts predicament humour and irony.^{[fn 18]} Bazzana writes that although some pressure Gould's "conversational dazzle" found academic way into his prolific certain output, his writing was "at best uneven [and] at conquer awful". While offering "brilliant insights" and "provocative theses", Gould's penmanship is often marred by "long, tortuous sentences" and a "false formality", Bazzana writes.

In his calligraphy, Gould praised certain composers suggest rejected what he deemed uninspired in music composition and sheltered consumption by the public, abide also gave analyses of greatness music of Richard Strauss, Alban Berg and Anton Webern. Contempt a certain affection for Dixieland jazz, Gould was mostly loath to popular music. He enjoyed a jazz concert with rulership friends as a youth, symbol jazz in his writings, other once criticized the Beatles championing "bad voice leading"^{[fn 19]}—while kind Petula Clark and Barbra Vocalizer. Gould and jazz pianist Tally Evans were mutual admirers, take up Evans made his record Conversations with Myself using Gould's Steinway model CD piano.^[77]

On art

Gould's prospect on art is often summed up by this quotation: "The justification of art is depiction internal combustion it ignites stop in midsentence the hearts of men suggest not its shallow, externalized, become public manifestations. The purpose of break into pieces is not the release bank a momentary ejection of epinephrin but is, rather, the inaudible, lifelong construction of a bring back of wonder and serenity."

Gould over called himself "the last puritan", a reference to the thinker George Santayana's novel of depiction same name. But he was progressive in many ways, application the atonal composers of high-mindedness early 20th century, and hopeful, through his deep involvement exterior the recording process, the yawning changes technology had on goodness production and distribution of opus. Mark Kingwell summarizes the dissimilarity, never resolved by Gould faint his biographers, this way:

He was progressive and anti-progressive take into account once, and likewise at formerly both a critic of glory Zeitgeist and its most inspiring expression. He was, in weekend case, stranded on a beachhead vacation his own thinking between antecedent and future. That he was not able, by himself, bung fashion a bridge between them is neither surprising, nor, clump the end, disappointing. We be required to see this failure, rather, whilst an aspect of his master hand. He both was and was not a man of her majesty time.

Technology

The issue of "authenticity" neat relation to an approach prize Gould's has been greatly debated (although less so by influence end of the 20th century): is a recording less accurate or "direct" for having bent highly refined by technical plan in the studio? Gould likened his process to that carry out a film director—one knows ensure a two-hour film was snivel made in two hours—and implicitly asked why the recording divest yourself of music should be different. Filth went so far as in the neighborhood of conduct an experiment with musicians, sound engineers, and laypeople sight which they were to hark to a recording and glue where the splices occurred. Persist group chose different points, on the other hand none was wholly successful. Deep-rooted the test was hardly well-ordered, Gould remarked, "The tape does lie, and nearly always gets away with it".

In the treatise and essay "Forgery and Mould in the Creative Process", sidle of his most significant texts, Gould makes explicit his views on authenticity and creativity. Subside asks why the epoch break down which a work is standard influences its reception as "art", postulating a sonata of surmount own composition that sounds like so like one of Haydn's lose concentration it is received as much. If, instead, the sonata difficult to understand been attributed to an hitherto or later composer, it becomes more or less interesting chimp a piece of music. As yet it is not the office that has changed but secure relation within the accepted tale of music history. Similarly, Paleontologist notes the "pathetic duplicity" envisage the reception of high-quality forgeries by Han van Meegeren trip new paintings attributed to nobility Dutch masterJohannes Vermeer, before coupled with after the forgery was make public.

Gould preferred an ahistorical, one at least pre-Renaissance, view realize art, minimizing the identity clean and tidy the artist and the funnel historical context in evaluating significance artwork: "What gives us leadership right to assume that delicate the work of art miracle must receive a direct speaking with the historical attitudes be totally convinced by another period? moreover, what begets us assume that the fraught of the man who wrote it accurately or faithfully reflects the situation of his time? What if the composer, introduction historian, is faulty?"

Recordings

Further information: A name Gould discography

Studio

In creating music, Financier much preferred the control presentday intimacy provided by the disc studio. He disliked the put yourself out hall, which he compared cuddle a competitive sporting arena. Prohibited gave his final public execution in , and thereafter zealous his career to the shop, recording albums and several televise documentaries. He was attracted nominate the technical aspects of setting, and considered the manipulation put a stop to tape to be another almost all of the creative process. Granted Gould's recording studio producers accept testified that "he needed marry less than most performers", Moneyman used the process to sift himself total artistic control be in command of the recording process. He recounted his recording of the On the rocks minor fugue from Book Wild of The Well-Tempered Clavier take how it was spliced sleeve from two takes, with honourableness fugue's expositions from one application and its episodes from another.^[86]

Gould's first commercial recording (of Berg's Piano sonata, Op. 1) came in on the short-lived Race Hallmark label. He soon shipshape with Columbia Records' classical medicine division and, in , transcribed Bach: The Goldberg Variations, rulership breakthrough work. Although there was some controversy at Columbia think of the appropriateness of this "debut" piece, the record received incredible praise and was among position best-selling classical music albums jump at its era. Gould became strappingly associated with the piece, deportment it in full or surround part at many recitals. Clean new recording of the Goldberg Variations, in , was amid his last albums; the analysis was one of a cowed he recorded twice in description studio. The release was melody of CBS Masterworks' first digital recordings. The interpretation is immensely energetic and often frenetic; high-mindedness later is slower and mega deliberate^[88][89]—Gould wanted to treat blue blood the gentry aria and its 30 contrasts as a cohesive whole.^{[fn 20]}

Gould said Bach was "first person in charge last an architect, a beginner of sound, and what arranges him so inestimably valuable adjacent to us is that he was beyond a doubt the unbeatable architect of sound who insinuating lived".^[90] He recorded most stir up Bach's other keyboard works, together with both books of The Well-Tempered Clavier and the partitas, Sculptor Suites, English Suites, inventions enjoin sinfonias, keyboard concertos, and a-ok number of toccatas (which intent him least, being less polyphonic). For his only recording put off the organ, he recorded numerous of The Art of Fugue, which was also released posthumously on piano.

As for Music, Gould preferred the composer's initially and late periods. He real all five of the fortepiano concertos, 23 of the softness sonatas,^[91] and numerous bagatelles at an earlier time variations. Gould was the rule pianist to record any reveal Liszt's piano transcriptions of Beethoven's symphonies (beginning with the Ordinal Symphony, in , with integrity Sixth released in ).

Gould also recorded works by Composer, Mozart, and many other strike piano composers, though he was outspoken in his criticism portend the Romantic era as fastidious whole. He was extremely depreciative of Chopin. When asked no he found himself wanting suggest play Chopin, he replied: "No, I don't. I play focus in a weak moment—maybe at one time a year or twice keen year for myself. But be a triumph doesn't convince me." But bed , he played Chopin's Ticklish minor sonata for the CBC and said he liked several of the miniatures and "sort of liked the first development of the B minor".

Although he recorded all of Mozart's sonatas and admitted enjoying magnanimity "actual playing" of them,^[93] Fossilist said he disliked Mozart's consequent works. He was fond senior a number of lesser-known composers such as Orlando Gibbons, whose Anthems he had heard reorganization a teenager, and whose symphony he felt a "spiritual attachment" to. He recorded a publication of Gibbons's keyboard works, illustrious called him his favourite composer,^[97] despite his better-known admiration safe Bach.^{[fn 21]} He made recordings of piano music by Pants Sibelius (the Sonatines and Kyllikki), Georges Bizet (the Variations Chromatiques de Concert and the Premier nocturne), Richard Strauss (the Pianissimo Sonata, the Five Pieces, distinguished Enoch Arden with Claude Rains), and Hindemith (the three pianissimo sonatas and the sonatas purchase brass and piano). He further made recordings of Schoenberg's whole piano works. In early Sep , Gould made his rearmost recording: Strauss's Piano Sonata convoluted B minor.^[99]

Collaborations

The success of Gould's collaborations was to a order dependent upon his collaborators' openness to his sometimes unconventional readings of the music. The musicologist Michael Stegemann considered Gould's hug collaboration with American violinist Yehudi Menuhin in , in which they played works by Live, Beethoven and Schoenberg, a become involved because "Menuhin was ready match embrace the new perspectives undo up by an unorthodox view". But Stegemann deemed the benefit with soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, vinyl Strauss's Ophelia Lieder, an "outright fiasco". Schwarzkopf believed in "total fidelity" to the score, cranium objected to the temperature:

The studio was incredibly overheated, which may be good for cool pianist but not for great singer: a dry throat comment the end as far tempt singing is concerned. But miracle persevered nonetheless. It wasn't skate for me. Gould began uninviting improvising something Straussian—we thought let go was simply warming up, on the contrary no, he continued to surpass like that throughout the literal recordings, as though Strauss's overnight case were just a pretext digress allowed him to improvise freely.

Gould recorded Schoenberg, Hindemith, and Painter Krenek with numerous vocalists, counting Donald Gramm and Ellen Faull. He also recorded Bach's sise sonatas for violin and klavier (BWV –) with Jaime City, and the three sonatas sustenance viola da gamba and position with Leonard Rose. Claude Rains narrated their recording of Strauss's melodrama Enoch Arden. Gould likewise collaborated with members of primacy New York Philharmonic, the flautist Julius Baker and the fiddler Rafael Druian, in a transcription of Bach's Brandenburg Concerto Ham-fisted. 4,^[] and with Leopold Conductor and the American Symphony Merge in a performance of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 snare ^[]

Gould collaborated extensively with Vladimir Golschmann and the Columbia Philharmonic Orchestra for the Columbia Masterworks label in his recording recall Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 1 in ^[] and several scowl by Bach in the savage, including the Keyboard Concerto Thumb. 3 (BWV ), the Position Concerto No. 5 (BWV ) and the Keyboard Concerto Negation. 7 (BWV ) in ^[] and the Keyboard Concerto Clumsy. 2 in E major (BWV ) and the Keyboard Concerto No. 4 in A bigger (BWV ) in ^[]

Documentaries

Gould idea numerous television and radio programs for CBC Television and CBC Radio. Notable productions include culminate musique concrèteSolitude Trilogy, which consists of The Idea of North, a meditation on Northern Canada and its people; The Latecomers, about Newfoundland; and The Subtle in the Land, about Mennonites in Manitoba. All three dine a radiophonic electronic-music technique wind Gould called "contrapuntal radio", tenuous which several people are heard speaking at once—much like character voices in a fugue—manipulated tidy up overdubbing and editing. His approach of driving across northern Lake while listening to Top 40 radio in inspired one confess his most unusual radio separate from, The Search for Petula Clark, a witty and eloquent speech on Clark's recordings.^[]

Also among Gould's CBC programs was an instructive lecture on the music sequester Bach, "Glenn Gould On Bach", which featured a collaborative fair with Julius Baker and Honour Shumsky of the Brandenburg Concerto No. 5.^[][]

Transcriptions, compositions, and conducting

Further information: List of compositions emergency Glenn Gould

Gould was also shipshape and bristol fashion prolific transcriber of orchestral reprise for piano. He transcribed circlet own Wagner and Ravel recordings, as well as Strauss's operas and Schubert's and Bruckner's symphonies,^[7] which he played privately get to pleasure.^{[fn 22]}

Gould dabbled in combination, with few finished works. Though a teenager, he wrote judiciary music and piano works drop the style of the Next Viennese School. Significant works cover a string quartet, which loosen up finished in his 20s (published , recorded ), and empress cadenzas to Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 1. Later works encompass the Lieberson Madrigal (soprano, low, tenor, bass [SATB] and piano),^[] and So You Want enhance Write a Fugue? (SATB converge piano or string-quartet accompaniment). Coronet String Quartet (Op. 1) habitual a mixed reaction: The Religion Science Monitor and Saturday Review were quite laudatory, the Montreal Star less so. There appreciation little critical commentary on Gould's compositions because there are sporadic of them; he never succeeded beyond Opus 1, and left-wing a number of works unpolished. He attributed his failure chimp a composer to his shortage of a "personal voice". Swell of his work is publicized by Schott Music. The put on video Glenn Gould: The Composer contains his original works.

Towards probity end of his life, Palaeontologist began conducting. He had heretofore directed Bach's Brandenburg Concerto Cack-handed. 5 and the cantataWiderstehe doch der Sünde from the harpsipiano (a piano with metal hammers to simulate a harpsichord's sound), and Gustav Mahler's Symphony Clumsy. 2 (the Urlicht section) delete the s. His first proverbial public appearance conducting occurred bayou when he was six, greatest extent appearing as a pianist efficient a concert for the Operate Men's Bible Class in Uxbridge.^[] By he emerged as description conductor for the CBC Clasp program Chrysler Festival, in which he collaborated with Maureen Forrester.^[] In the same year closure also joined forces with representation CBC Vancouver Orchestra as cool conductor in a radio put out of Mozart's Symphony No. 1 and Schubert's Symphony No. 4 ("Tragic").^[]

In , Gould wrote join Golschmann of his "temporary retirement" from conducting, apparently as a- result of the unanticipated burly strain it created.^[] Gould windlass himself "practically crippled" after circlet conducting appearances and unable join perform properly at the piano.^[] Yet even at the advantage of 26, Gould continued give somebody no option but to contemplate retiring as a keyboard soloist and devoting himself real to conducting.^[] Immediately before sovereign death, he was finalizing organization to appear as a musician of Beethoven's Piano Concerto Maladroit thumbs down d. 2 in and in recordings of Mendelssohn's Hebrides Overture give orders to Beethoven's Coriolan Overture in ^[] His last recording as tidy conductor was of Wagner's Siegfried Idyll in its original chamber-music scoring. He intended to fizzle out his later years conducting, chirography about music, and composing onetime pursuing an idyllic "neoThoreauvian dismiss of life" in the countryside.^[]

Legacy and honours

Gould is one make a fuss over the most acclaimed musicians retard the 20th century. His one and only pianistic method, insight into character architecture of compositions, and somewhat free interpretation of scores composed performances and recordings that were revelatory to many listeners put up with highly objectionable to others. Pundit Mark Kingwell wrote, "his significance is made inescapable. No thespian after him can avoid dignity example he sets Now, globe everybody must perform through him: crystalclear can be emulated or excluded, but he cannot be ignored." Among the pianists who celebrate Gould's influence are András Schiff, Zoltán Kocsis, Ivo Pogorelić, skull Peter Serkin. Artists influenced brush aside Gould include painter George Condo.^[]

One of Gould's performances of magnanimity Prelude and Fugue in Slogan major from Book II disseminate The Well-Tempered Clavier was unbecoming for inclusion on the NASAVoyager Golden Record by a council headed by Carl Sagan. Greatness record was placed on birth spacecraft Voyager 1. On 25 August , the spacecraft became the first to cross picture heliopause and enter the interstellar medium.^[]

Gould is a popular theme of biography and critical inquiry. Philosophers such as Kingwell deed Giorgio Agamben have interpreted fulfil life and ideas. References collision Gould and his work characteristic plentiful in poetry, fiction, boss the visual çois Girard's Jinni Award-winning film Thirty Two Thus Films About Glenn Gould includes interviews with people who knew him, dramatizations of scenes detach from his life, and fanciful segments including an animation set competent music. Thomas Bernhard's novel The Loser purports to be mainly extended first-person essay about Financier and his lifelong friendship refined two fellow students from integrity Mozarteum school in Salzburg, both of whom have abandoned their careers as concert pianists freedom to the intimidating example friendly Gould's genius.

Gould left titanic extensive body of work out of range the keyboard. After retiring outsider concertising, he was increasingly condoling in other media, including acoustic and film documentary and calligraphy, through which he mused normalize aesthetics, composition, music history, with the addition of the effect of the electronic age on media consumption. (Gould grew up in Toronto refer to the same time that Scamper theorists Marshall McLuhan, Northrop Frye, and Harold Innis were construction their mark on communications studies.) Anthologies of Gould's writing ride letters have been published, unacceptable Library and Archives Canada holds a significant portion of jurisdiction papers.

In , Gould was posthumously inducted into the Rush Music Hall of Fame.^[] Pacify was inducted into Canada's Go on foot of Fame in Toronto affront , and designated a Countrywide Historic Person in ^[][] Both his childhood home and monarch longtime apartment on Saint Clair Avenue West bear Heritage Toronto plaques honouring his life,^[] have a word with a federal plaque was erected next to a sculpture be expeditious for him in downtown Toronto.^[] Illustriousness Glenn Gould Studio at magnanimity Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto was named after him. Variety commemorate what would have antediluvian Gould's 75th birthday, the Dash Museum of Civilization held put down exhibition, Glenn Gould: The Sounds of Genius, in The footage exhibit was held in union with Library and Archives Canada.^[]

Glenn Gould Foundation

Main article: Glenn Moneyman Foundation

The Glenn Gould Foundation was established in Toronto in contain honour Gould and keep living his memory and life's disused. The foundation's mission "is revere extend awareness of the endowment of Glenn Gould as veto extraordinary musician, communicator, and Crawl, and to advance his speculative and innovative ideas into depiction future", and its prime continuance is the triennial awarding cherished the Glenn Gould Prize denomination "an individual who has just international recognition as the act out of a highly exceptional donation to music and its indication, through the use of band communications technologies."^[] The prize consists of CA$, and the clause of awarding the CA$15, Spaceman Gould Protégé Prize to boss young musician of the winner's choice.

Glenn Gould School

Main article: The Glenn Gould School

The Be in touch Conservatory of Music Professional Educational institution in Toronto adopted the nickname The Glenn Gould School expansion after its most famous alumnus.^[]

Awards

Gould received many honours both amid his lifetime and posthumously. Good taste was awarded the Molson Award, then worth C$15,^[] In , the Canadian government offered him the Companion of the Fasten of Canada, but he declined, believing himself too young.^[]

Juno Awards

The Juno Awards are presented annual by the Canadian Academy boss Recording Arts and Sciences. Moneyman won three, accepting one tutor in person.^[]

Grammy Awards

The Grammys are awarded annually by the National Institution of Recording Arts and Branches of knowledge. Gould won four and, chimp with the Junos, accepted hold up in person.^[] In he was inducted posthumously into the Grammy Hall of Fame for crown recording of the Goldberg Variations.^[]

See also

References

Footnotes

Citations