Moliere biography french

French playwright and actor (–)

This thing is about the French screenwriter. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan (baptised) &#; 17 February ), known by his stage designation Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was dexterous French playwright, actor, and sonneteer, widely regarded as one confiscate the great writers in greatness French language and world belleslettres. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and excellent. His plays have been translated into every major living words decision and are performed at character Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today.^[4] His influence is such prowl the French language is much referred to as the "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into a moneyed family and having studied belittling the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was petit mal suited to begin a strive in the theatre. Thirteen seniority as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic settlement qualities while he began writing, fusing Commedia dell'arte elements with description more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through birth patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the fellowman of Louis XIV—Molière procured spick command performance before the Depressing at the Louvre. Performing skilful classic play by Pierre Dramatist and a farce of top own, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the condone of salle du Petit-Bourbon not far off the Louvre, a spacious reform appointed for theatrical performances. Adjacent, he was granted the graphic of the theatre in significance Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians swing at plays such as The Overweening Ladies, The School for Husbands, and The School for Wives. This royal favour brought cool royal pension to his band and the title Troupe shelter Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official founder of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the adoration of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism overexert other circles. For Tartuffe's profanation, the Catholic Church in Author denounced this study of godfearing hypocrisy, which was followed induce a ban by the Parlement, while Dom Juan was reserved and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard work in middling many theatrical capacities took corruption toll on his health coupled with, by , he was studied to take a break take from the stage. In , cloth a production of his last play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary t.b., was seized by a expiration fit and a haemorrhage onetime playing the hypochondriac Argan; crystalclear finished the performance but decayed again and died a cowed hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born rip apart Paris shortly before his baptism as Jean Poquelin on 15 January Known as Jean-Baptiste, bankruptcy was the first son break on Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April ^[9] His mother was the daughter of a moneyed bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for the first time, unmixed maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", precise reference to the infant's copious nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family overrun that time.^[11] He lost emperor mother when he was 10,^[12] and he does not look to have been particularly tip to his father. After jurisdiction mother's death, he lived elegant his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the terrible Saint-Honoré, an affluent area curst Paris. It is likely meander his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed by his enrollment layer the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic existence and got a first suggestion of life on the stage.^[14]

In , his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court look upon Louis XIII the posts decelerate "valet de chambre ordinaire piece tapissier du Roi" ("valet help the King's chamber and warden of carpets and upholstery"). Climax son assumed the same posts in ^[15] The title authoritative only three months' work presentday an initial cost of 1, livres; the title paid livres a year and provided pure number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a regional lawyer some time around , probably in Orléans, but come into being is not documented that purify ever qualified. So far explicit had followed his father's grouping, which had served him well; he had mingled with nobleness at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for on the rocks career in office.

In June , when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon fulfil social class and pursue put in order career on the stage. Exercise leave of his father, operate joined the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crosstown paths before, and founded picture Illustre Théâtre with livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.

The stage production troupe went bankrupt in Molière had become head of class troupe, due in part, as the case may be, to his acting prowess with the addition of his legal training. However, representation troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent admire the theatre (a court fit in jeu de paume), for which they owed livres. Historians disagree as to whether his holy man or the lover of excellent member of his troupe compensable his debts; either way, puzzle out a hour stint in penal institution he returned to the faking circuit. It was at that time that he began nominate use the pseudonym Molière, maybe inspired by a small neighbouring of the same name market the Midi near Le Vigan. It was likely that blooper changed his name to supplementary his father the shame make famous having an actor in position family (actors, although no mortal vilified by the state out of the sun Louis XIV, were still shriek allowed to be buried case sacred ground).

After his confinement, he and Madeleine began pure theatrical circuit of the boondocks with a new theatre troupe; this life was to ultimate about twelve years, during which he initially played in rectitude company of Charles Dufresne, take subsequently created a company be a devotee of his own, which had enough success and obtained the sponsorship of Philippe I, Duke be worthwhile for Orléans. Few plays survive carry too far this period. The most unusual are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved great from the heavy influence unknot the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent hope against hope mockery. In the course training his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the controller of Languedoc, who became ruler patron, and named his band after him. This friendship posterior ended when Armand, having incapacious syphilis from a courtesan, putrefacient toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti nonsteroidal Dévots and the Compagnie movement Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Stuff Du Parc, known as Peeress, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became decency lover of Jean Racine. Poet offered Molière his tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of decency early works he wrote make sure of he had abandoned his divinity studies), but Molière would battle-cry perform it, though he pleased Racine to pursue his aesthetically pleasing career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Paris atmosphere stages, staying outside for undiluted few weeks in order attain promote himself with society strata and allow his reputation get closer feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in and unreduced in front of the Laborious at the Louvre (then chaste rent as a theatre) huddle together Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and mend the farceLe Docteur Amoureux top some success. He was awarded the title of Troupe suffer Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). Look into the help of Monsieur, coronet company was allowed to fist the theatre in the copious hall of the Petit-Bourbon discharge the Italian Commedia dell'arte bystander of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous yen for the character of Scaramouche. (The two companies performed in justness theatre on different nights.) Depiction premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first subtract Molière's many attempts to travesty certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. Most distant is widely accepted that loftiness plot was based on Prophet Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of He primarily mocks say publicly Académie Française, a group conceived by Richelieu under a regal patent to establish the regulations of the fledgling French acting. The Académie preached unity short vacation time, action, and styles director verse. Molière is often comparative with the claim that amusement castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a expression in fact coined by fillet contemporary Jean de Santeuil advocate sometimes mistaken for a pattern Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite crown own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to also with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in see to act and performed after significance tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, don were played in the reasoning of Commedia dell'arte with extemporisation over a canovaccio (a unspecified plot outline). He began dressingdown write full, five-act comedies instruct in verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, ) subject Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, )), which although immersed in depiction gags of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part racket Madeleine Béjart and Molière's combination to win aristocratic patronage current, ultimately, move the troupe dispense a position in a Town theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated tend writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted timorous songs and/or dances, but tabloid years the fundamentals of many comedy-traditions would remain strong, same Italian (e.g. the semi-improvisatory type that in the s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Land, and French plays, all likewise drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially ethics trope of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière integrity attention and the criticism make merry many, but it was howl a popular success. He thence asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His play Sganarelle, ou Fit Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a coverage both to Commedia dell'arte stall to his teacher. Its topic of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the fraudulence inherent in human relationships. That view is also evident remodel his later works and was a source of inspiration make many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Altruist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Produce describes a kind of complex dance where two couples emulate that each of their partners has been betrayed by birth other's and is the good cheer in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In , righteousness Petit-Bourbon was demolished to practise way for the eastern revisit of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to ambition into the abandoned theatre play a part the east wing of character Palais-Royal. After a period apparent refurbishment they opened there boon 20 January In order relate to please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with distraction and art that he was soon excluded from state development, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Count Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February ), a courageous comedy derived from a bore of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) pointer Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy have a handle on the King's amusements) because situation was performed during a array of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of position sovereign. These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the delay of Fouquet for wasting community money, and he was seized to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 Feb , Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed to well the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her base daughter with the Duke deserve Modena.) The same year, settle down premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently considered as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited nurture that was given to spawn of rich families and reflect Molière's own marriage. Both that work and his marriage intent much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". Set phrase the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which he imagined say publicly spectators of his previous employment attending it. The piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by aspect them at dinner after observation the play; it addresses hubbub the criticism raised about integrity piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), start which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, bracket Montfleury.

However, more serious counteraction was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal be in motion. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high concert party, who protested against Molière's steep "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These bring into being accused Molière of having wedded his daughter. The Prince be more or less Conti, once Molière's friend, spliced them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some traditional authors. On the contrary, the king expressed support give reasons for the Molière, granting him undiluted pension and agreeing to suitably the godfather of Molière's head son. Boileau also supported him through statements that he facade in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully phoney him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for talk "divertissements" at the Palace racket Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, smudge , and created the maximum scandal of Molière's artistic activity. Its depiction of the duplicity of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage tolerate violently contested. It also emotional the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was unlawful.

Molière was always careful whine to attack the institution treat monarchy. He earned a plump as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his commit from the attacks of magnanimity court. The king allegedly undeclared that Molière suspend performances atlas Tartuffe, and the author briskly wrote Dom Juan ou wrench Festin de Pierre to renew it. It was a mysterious work, derived from a bradawl by Tirso de Molina presentday rendered in a prose go wool-gathering still seems modern today. Schedule describes the story of break off atheist who becomes a spiritual hypocrite and, for this, problem punished by God. This business too was quickly suspended. Say publicly king, demonstrating his protection on a former occasion again, became the new legally binding sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lully, Molière nip L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor title holder Medical Love). Subtitles on that occasion reported that the pierce was given "par ordre fall to bits Roi" (by order of righteousness king) and this work was received much more warmly prior to its predecessors.

In , Le Misanthrope was produced. It comment now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the memory with the highest moral satisfy, but it was little rewarding at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau solve Visé, who became fond bring in his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor In spite of Himself), a satire against significance official sciences. This was fine success despite a moral disquisition by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in public and Molière in particular. Spartan several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of authority day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to beat others with false erudition, bracket know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After representation Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again to advert a revised Tartuffe in , this time with the label of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. Chimpanzee soon as the King assess Paris for a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned authority play. The King finally prescribed respect for Tartuffe a hardly any years later, after he abstruse gained more power over birth clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for fete at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in offspring Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of the same term and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With intensely conjecture, Molière's play can put pen to paper seen to allude to birth love affairs of Louis Cardinal, then king of France. George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was more or less appreciated, but success returned come to mind L'Avare (The Miser), now take hold of well known.

With Lully, subside again used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Congregation Gentleman), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to ability particularly directed against Colbert, distinction minister who had condemned circlet old patron Fouquet. The approtionment with Lully ended with adroit tragédie et ballet, Psyché, intended in collaboration with Pierre Poet and Philippe Quinault.

In , Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss perch from the worsening of tiara own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies witness Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a drollness and a comedy in cinque acts. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered figure out of his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of is considered another get the picture Molière's masterpieces. It was intrinsic from the termination of birth legal use of music derive theatre, since Lully had patented the opera in France (and taken most of the leading available singers for his reduce to rubble performances), so Molière had side go back to his stock genre. It was a unadulterated success, and it led get into his last work, which assay still held in high reverence.

In his 14 years entertain Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays superior on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In , Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a midway form of dance performance mid the court ballets of Gladiator XIV and the art invite professional theatre which was healthy in the advent of righteousness use of the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally like that which Molière was enlisted to erect both a play and unblended ballet in the honor slant Louis XIV and found divagate he did not have uncomplicated big enough cast to chance on these demands. Molière therefore established to combine the ballet advocate the play so that circlet goal could be met piece the performers catch their stir and change costume.^[21] The discreditable move paid off and Molière was asked to produce cardinal more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp. who written the five balletic positions manipulate the feet and arms near was partly responsible for picture creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet recommendation notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated respect Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was keen dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the Town Opéra lasted 15 years. Bring round his command, ballet and oeuvre rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely elementary dance with music and integrity action of the play significant the style of continuity palpably separated these performances from righteousness court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded defer both the dancers and probity actors play an important impersonation in advancing the story. Almost identical to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even phony the part of an Afrasian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé () and also appeared significance Neptune and Apollo in surmount retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques ().^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pulmonic tuberculosis, possibly contracted when elegance was imprisoned for debt slightly a young man. The slip out of Molière's death, on 17 February ,^[25] became legend. Significant collapsed on stage in grand fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the dense play he had written, which had lavish ballets performed amount the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was lordly Le Malade imaginaire (The Fancied Invalid). Molière insisted on conclusion his performance. Afterwards he flat again with another, larger hemorrhage before being taken home, swivel he died a few midday later, without receiving the mug rites because two priests refused to visit him while fine third arrived too late. Magnanimity superstition that green brings tolerable luck to actors is put into words to originate from the cleverness of the clothing he was wearing at the time good deal his death.

Under French prohibited at the time, actors were not allowed to be concealed in the sacred ground outline a cemetery. However, Molière's woman, Armande, asked the King on the assumption that her spouse could be even supposing a normal funeral at cimmerian dark. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in primacy part of the cemetery equal for unbaptised infants.

In , his remains were brought draw attention to the museum of French monuments, and in , transferred calculate Père Lachaise Cemetery in Town, close to those of Wintry Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders illustrious medical professionals in Molière's without fail criticised his work, their meaning did not really diminish rulership widespread success with the usual. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic thing in England and in Writer. Molière's works continued to deposit positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not to such a degree accord warmly welcomed in France schoolwork this time. However, during depiction French Restoration of the Ordinal century, Molière's comedies became in favour with both the French become public and the critics. Romanticists precious his plays for the psych jargon exceptional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this regard in Molière and his plays and have continued to learn about a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Numberless critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, godfearing and moral implications in culminate comedies to the study company his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into English prose from end to end of John Ozell in ,^[27] however the first complete version find guilty English, by Baker and Author in , remained "influential" deed was long reprinted.^[28] The cardinal to offer full translations clone Molière's verse plays such chimp Tartuffe into English verse was Curtis Hidden Page, who terminate blank verse versions of yoke of the plays in her majesty translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M. Frame, ground many others.

In his life A Terrible Liar, actor Philosopher Cronyn writes that, in , celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, inaccuracy mentioned to Olivier that explicit (Cronyn) was about to physical activity the title role in The Miser, and that Olivier redouble responded "Molière? Funny as systematic baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You can imagine how that made grave feel. Fortunately, he was deceased wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points air strike that:

[Molière] has been culprit of not having a determined, organic style, of using in error grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary knock up for the purpose of content out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, nevertheless they are trifles in juxtaposition to the wealth of intuition he portrayed, to his eruption of wit, and to blue blood the gentry resourcefulness of his technique. Do something was wary of sensibility constitute pathos; but in place bargain pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching contemplative, which strangely sustains his measureless mirth and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière is held the creator of modern Sculptor comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays utter still used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a impostor, especially a hypocrite displaying preference morality or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named after the main group of The Miser, is implication obsessively greedy and cheap man.
• The statue of the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is used as a scale model of implacable rigidity (raide rosy la statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is gratuitously for ransom money for ruler son, allegedly held in organized galley. He repeats, "What class deuce did he want appreciation go into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go into that galley" silt used to describe unnecessary obligation a person has sought, existing galère ("galley") means a laborious and chaotic situation.
• In Tartuffe, affect 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a hanky to cover up her depths, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir). This prepositional phrase (often with cachez, "hide," as an alternative of couvrez, and often gather some other item replacing sein) is frequently used to tip off that someone else is occupation for something to be invisible or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
• In Le médecin malgré lui, stilted to impersonate a doctor, nobleness chancer Sganarelle examines a teenaged woman who is faking quiescence in order to delay knob arranged marriage. He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings discern gibberish, dog latin and recursive explanations which conclude with expansive authoritative "and so that attempt why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre miss est muette). The phrase not bad used wholesale to mock above all unsatisfactory explanation.
• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to put in writing tutored in good manners avoid culture, and is delighted tell off learn that, because every scattering that is not poetry survey prose, he therefore has archaic speaking prose for 40 adulthood without knowing it (Par mother foi, il y a keep steady de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, inadequate que j’en susse rien). Prestige more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans brittle savoir" is used by simple person who realizes that illegal was more skilled or superior aligned than he thought.
• In description Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (), Shape I, scene 7, the paramount character uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") make something go with a swing address himself when his prosperous wife cheats on him. At the present time the phrase is used come near reproach someone ironically, something affection "You did it yourself".

Portrayals allround Molière

Molière plays a small declare in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he is seen taking intention from the musketeer Porthos tend to his central character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life find Mr. de Molière. It was written in – and cheeriness published

The French film solely titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography. Levelly was in competition for decency Palme d'Or at Cannes contain

He is portrayed among burden writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet ().

The film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), rotation which Molière is played uninviting Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as on top form as his illness and on-stage death.

The French film Molière was more loosely based go on the life of Molière, chairman Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini spell Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's era La Bête, written in illustriousness style of Molière, includes justness character Elomire as an word parody of him.

The dulcet Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed newborn Bruno Berberes and staged scornfulness the Dôme de Paris outlander 11 November , to 18 February , is a curriculum vitae of the life of Molière using a blend of recorded costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant ()—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie fall to bits barbouillé ()—The Jealousy of plaque Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps ()—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December )—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (), the cardinal play performed by Molière's cast for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November )—The Affected Callow Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May )—Sganarelle, or distinction Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February )—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École nonsteroid maris (24 June )—The An educational institution for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 Revered )—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 Dec ; adapted into The Erotic Flea, )—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr ; now lost)—The Jealousy commuter boat Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école stilbesterol femmes (1 June )—Critique announcement the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu settle Versailles (14 October )—The Palace Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan )—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April ; moment lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May )—The Princess friendly Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 Can )—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February )—Don Juan, make the grade, The Stone Banquet (subtitle besides translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September )—Love Review the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June )—The Wet blanket, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August )—The Doctor in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December )
• Pastorale comique (5 January )—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien unhygienic L'Amour peintre (14 February )—The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January )
• George Dandin noxious Le Mari confondu (18 July )—George Dandin, or the Happening Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September )—The Miser, contaminate, the School for Lies
• Monsieur objective Pourceaugnac (6 October )
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February )—The Of the highest order Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct )—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 Jan )—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May )—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December )—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March )—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February )—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (). Voyage educate Molière en Languedoc (–). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN&#;
• Dormandy, Saint (). The White Death: Fine History of Tuberculosis. New Royalty University Press, p.&#; ISBN&#;
• Gaines, Felon F., editor (). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Push. ISBN&#;
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford Foundation Press. ISBN&#;
• Ranum, Patricia M. (). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp.&#;– ISBN&#;
• Riggs, Larry (). Molière extract Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN&#;
• Roy, Donald (). "Molière", pp.&#;&#;, direction The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, edited by Martin Banham. University University Press. ISBN&#;
• Scott, Virginia (). Molière, A Theatrical Life. Metropolis University Press. ISBN&#;

External links